How the expansion of the universe by dark energy violates violates the conservation of energy by allowing the total mass-energy of the universe to exponentially increase with time.
Despite black holes, dark matter, quantum superpositions and spooky action at a distance, there is yet another contender for the weirdest thing in the universe, dark energy. Dark energy is understood to be the combined influence of the energy of free space, and constitutes most of the total energy of our universe. The large-scale influence of dark energy that is also the origin of our knowledge of it, is the accelerating expansion of the universe due to the negative pressure of this massive ever growing total sum of dark energy, stretching the universe exponentially indefinitely.
This exponential expansion is actually predicted by Einstein’s General Relativity which allows spacetime to possess an intrinsic non zero vacuum energy. General Relativity is thus looked to as our only partial explanation of what dark energy is and what its effect is, further demonstrating General Relativity’s role as one of the fundemental theories of the physics of our universe.
However, Einstein’s theory cannot tell us “why dark energy exists or what its detailed nature is” beyond the facts that – “it is a non zero energy density of all space in our universe” and “its created freely as space expands, creating more of itself as the universe stretches to contain more total space”. To our intuition these two facts are not only bizarre, but very much leaves us to wonder if there is more to the nature of dark energy and what, if anything, is its connection to quantum particle fields. The expansion of the universe also causes photon’s traversing the expanding universe to be redshifted, decreasing their total energy.
Energy conservation in our universe, as described by Noether’s Theorem, is associated with systems exhibiting time translational symmetry. In simple terms, if two particles interact while all other factors are held constant, the timing of the interaction does not influence the conservation of total energy. However, the dynamic nature of spacetime curvature in our universe, influenced by general relativistic factors such as total energy, center of mass, and momentum, challenges the notion of time translational symmetry on a cosmological scale. This implies that the total energy of the cosmos as a whole is not conserved. The presence of dark energy, driving the exponential expansion of the universe, contributes to this violation of classical energy conservation. It’s important to note that while global energy conservation is not applicable at cosmological scales, local conservation laws still hold within specific systems in our quantum relativistic universe
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